Every type has its own set of guidelines to follow, called a reference format.
How to start:
1. First define your source type.
2. Look for it’s reference format.
3. Fill in the format.
4. Check for variations on the basic reference format.
Page number
No page number for a quote
Number of authors
Include all authors in the order they appear in the document. Use an and to link the last two multiple authors.
Use the full name on your reference list.
Some documents have very large numbers of authors, particularly in certain disciplines. There may be a very large numbers of authors and a wish not to include them all in a reference list. In these cases it is recommended that advice from the Faculty is sought, to establish if it is permitted to cite only a reduced number. (ARU University Library, n.d.)
| Author type | Paraphrase | Quote |
|---|---|---|
| 1 author | Green (2004) | Green (2004, p. 18) |
| 2 or 3 authors | Green and Brown (2004) | Green, Brown and Yellow (2004, p.18) |
| 4 or more authors | Green, et al. (2004) | Green, et al. (2004, p. 18) |
| Corporate author | Institute of Hospitality (2004) | Institute of Hospitality (2004, p. 18) |
In case an author has multiple names. Use the full name of the author, a comma, followed by the initials. Each initial is divided by a full stop.
Rowling, J.K.
Corporate authors
If there is no personal author, you can refer to the organization name. Such as names of publications by institutes, committees, associations, companies, government departments etc. For instance, Institute of Hospitality or Committee on Risk Management.
Bergs (n.d., p. 4) states “For different types of sources (for example books, journal articles, or web pages), there are different formats to use in the reference list”.
Basic format for a book
Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.
Include the edition only if this is not the 1st edition. Place of publication is a town or city, not a country.
Example
Bell, E.L., Bryman, A. and Harley, B. 2019. Business Research Methods. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Basic format for a book chapter
Author of the chapter/section, Initials of the author. (Year). 'Title of chapter/section', in Author/editor of book, Initials of author/editor. (ed.) Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. pp. xx-xx.
Example
Franklin, A.W. (2012). 'Management of the problem', in Smith, S.M. (ed.) The maltreatment of hospitality staff. London: Wiley, pp.83-95.
Murphy, A. (2001). 'Understanding globalism through a rural locale', in O'Riordan, T. & White, E. (eds.) Globalism, localism and identity. London: Earthscan, pp. 100-110.
Basic format for an e-book
Author, Initials., Year, Title of book. [e-book] Place of publication: Publisher. Available through: BUas Library website <http://www.buas.nl/library> [Accessed date].
or
Author, Initials., Year, Title of book. [e-book] Place of publication: Publisher. Available through: <URL of the library database> [Accessed date].
Example
Charalampos Giousmpasoglou et al. 2022. Managing People in Commercial Kitchens: A Contemporary Approach. [e-book] Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=3038535&site=ehost-live&scope=site (Accessed: 20 May 2022).
Basic format
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page number(s).
Use this for articles in print or for online articles that have an equivalent in print.
Example
Ye, Q., Gu, B. and Chen, W., 2011. The influence of user-generated content on traveler behavior: An empirical investigation on the effects of e-word-of-mouth to hotel online bookings. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 634-639
Example
Jackson, C. and Orr, A., 2021. The embeddedness of sustainability in real estate investment decision-making. Journal of European Real Estate Research, [e-journal] 14(3), pp. 362-380. https://doi-org.buas.idm.oclc.org/10.1108/JERER-09-2020-0050
Kim, C. and Chung, K. 2022. Measuring customer satisfaction and hotel efficiency analysis: An approach based on data envelopment analysis. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, [e-journal] 63(2), pp. 257–266. https://doi: 10.1177/1938965520944914.
Basic recipe
For articles accessed through a password protected database from Breda University Library:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number(Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. Available through: BUas Library website <http://www.buas.nl/library> [Accessed date].
or
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number(Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. Available through: <Url of the library database> [Accessed date].
Example
Lee, D.S., 2022. Case study: What does diversity mean in a a global organization? Harvard Business Review, [e-journal] 110(3), pp.148-153. Available through: <https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bsu&AN=156257991&site=ehost-live&scope=site> [20 May 2022].
Geertgens, E. 2022. The future of workspace: What comes next? FMJ Magazine, [e-journal] 32(1), pp. 22-24. Available through: <http://fmj.ifma.org/publication/?m=30261&i=733359&p=24&ver=html5> [20 May 2022].
Basic recipe
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article or column header. Full Title of Newspaper, Day and month before page numbers and column line.
Use this recipe for news articles in print or for online news articles that have an equivalent in print.
If you want to refer to sources such as NOS News, CNN, BBC News: use the recipe for a website article.
Example
Slapper, G., 2005. Corporate manslaughter: new issues for lawyers. The Times, 3 Sep. p.4b.
Times, 2005. Corporate manslaughter: responses from the legal profession (Editorial comments), The Times, 8 Sep. p.4b.
Second example, is an example of corporate authorship where the newspaper article authorship is not stated.
(p.4b = "4" indicates that the article is on the fourth page of the newspaper, columns of print on a page are labelled left to right alphabetically, so in this example "b" indicates that this is the second column of newsprint across the page from left to right.)
Example
NHS Evidence, 2003. National Library of Guidelines. [online] Available at: http://www.library.nhs.uk/guidelinesFinder [Accessed 10 October 2009].
Basic recipe for news sites that do not have periodicals, such as NOS News, BBC News, CNN, etc.
Author, A. [if no Author, use Source] (Year, Date). Title. Website Name [if used as Author, do not repeat website name/source]. URL
Example for news sites
Example 1: Avramova, N. (2019, January 3). The secret of a long, happy, healthy life? Think age-positive. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/03/health/respect-toward-elderly-leads-to-a-long-life-intl/index.html
Example 2: National Nurses United. (n.d.). What employers should do to protect nurses from Zika. http://www.nationalnursesunited.org/pages/what-employers-should-do-to- protect-nurses-from-Zika
Example 3: Media seminar on peace in the Middle East concludes amid calls to stem spread of misinformation. (2020, December 9). UN News. https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/12/1079712
Basic recipe
Authorship or Source, Year. Title of document. [pdf] Place of publication (if known): Publisher. Available at: include web address/URL [Accessed date].
Example
Kastle System, 2021. Kastle SafeSpaces: Leveraging technology can ensure a safer re-entry into the workplace in the covid-19-era. [pdf] Kastle System. Available at: <http://community.ifma.org/knowledge_library/m/free_fm_content/1058618?baseID=0&categoryID=0> [Accessed 20 May 2022].
Morris, E., 2019. Addressing Food Waste: Case Studies for the Hospitality Industry. [pdf] Surrey: Institute of hospitality. Available at: <https://www.instituteofhospitality.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Food-Waste-Case-Studies-Guide-2019-A4.pdf > [Accessed 20 May 2022].
UNWTO, 2022. World tourism Barometer. [pdf] Madrid: UNWTO. Available at: <https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/wtobarometereng.2022.20.1.> [Accessed 20 May 2022].
Internal documents and intranet pages belonging to an organization are not available for everyone to read. Not even within an organization, all employees can read the same documents. These types of documents are considered to be "Unpublished Work".
"Unpublished Works" are treated in similar ways to Personal Communications. So there is usually NO entry on the reference list, but you do refer to them in your text. There is an exception however. If your research is mainly based on internal documents, it is preferred to add them to the reference list.
Important:
Basic recipe
Author/organization. (Year of report). Title of report (in italics). Internal report (including name of company). Unpublished.
Example
The ANWB policy and procedures for staff document from 2015 for handling customer complaints states .... (ANWB, 2015, p.15, internal document).
Recommendations in the internal Accor Hotels report (Hegenbarth, 2014) are …
Breda University of Applied Sciences. (2022). Flexible working policy. Internal BUas document. Unpublished.
Hegenbarth, L. (2014). Focus group recommendations. Internal LGU report. Unpublished.
This information is partly based on information from Swinburn University.
Check these site for a good description of print and online figures, table and images:
Image, Tables & Figures - Harvard Referencing - Library Guides at James Cook University (jcu.edu.au)
These instructions relate to sources in a language other than English that have been translated by you or another.
You should always check with academic staff who are setting assignments before using non-English sources as evidence in your University work.
This information is based on the LibGuide made by Bournemouth University on Translated Materials (non-English sources). More examples can be found there.
Visit ARU Library website for other reference formats.